Hohenzollern Castle (Burg Hohenzollern) is the ancestral seat of the imperial House of Hohenzollern, the dynasty that produced the Kings of Prussia and the German Emperors. Perched on top of Mount Hohenzollern at an elevation of 855 meters (2,805 ft), it dominates the landscape of the Swabian Alps. With its many towers and fortifications, it is widely considered one of the most beautiful castles in Germany, rivaling Neuschwanstein in grandeur and often called the "Crown of the Swabian Alps."
A History of Three Castles: From Medieval Fortress to Neo-Gothic Masterpiece
The current castle is actually the third to stand on this strategic site, each iteration reflecting the changing fortunes of the Hohenzollern family:
The First Castle (11th-15th Century)
The original Hohenzollern Castle was built in the early 11th century by the Burchardinger family, ancestors of the Hohenzollerns. This medieval fortress served as a military stronghold during the Investiture Controversy between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope. The castle played a crucial role in the region's power struggles:
- Strategic Location: Built on a 234-meter-high (767 ft) rock plateau, it commanded the important trade routes between the Rhine and Danube valleys.
- 10-Month Siege (1423): The castle was completely destroyed after a protracted siege during the "Hohenzollern War" between the County of Württemberg and the Hohenzollern family. The destruction was so thorough that it took over two centuries before the site was rebuilt.
- Medieval Life: The castle housed knights, servants, and provided refuge for local peasants during times of conflict.
The Second Castle (15th-18th Century)
Reconstruction began in 1454 under Count Jobst Nikolaus I. This Renaissance-style castle was more of a residential palace than a defensive fortress, reflecting the changing nature of European warfare:
- Renaissance Architecture: The new castle featured more comfortable living quarters and decorative elements typical of the Renaissance period.
- Family Seat: It served as the primary residence for the Hohenzollern counts and later princes.
- Decline: By the late 18th century, the castle had fallen into disrepair as the family moved to more modern residences in Berlin and Potsdam.
- Demolition: Most of the second castle was demolished between 1789 and 1798, with only the chapel and some foundation walls remaining.
The Third Castle (19th Century)
The magnificent structure we see today was built between 1846 and 1867 by King Frederick William IV of Prussia. This was a conscious effort to create a family memorial and symbol of Prussian power:
- Romantic Nationalism: Inspired by the English Gothic Revival and the romantic castles of the Loire Valley, it was intended to evoke the medieval glory of the Hohenzollern dynasty.
- Architectural Inspiration: The design drew from various sources including English castles like Windsor and French châteaux like Chambord.
- Construction Challenges: Building on the steep rock plateau required innovative engineering, including the creation of artificial terraces and the transport of building materials up the mountain.
- Cost and Controversy: The project cost 2.5 million Prussian thalers (equivalent to about €10 million today), leading to public debate about the expenditure.
Architectural Splendor: A Neo-Gothic Masterpiece
Hohenzollern Castle is a textbook example of 19th-century historicism, blending various architectural styles into a cohesive whole:
The Exterior: Towers and Terraces
- The Main Tower: Rising 67 meters (220 ft) high, it serves as the visual centerpiece and offers panoramic views of the surrounding countryside.
- Three Terraces: Artificially created platforms at different levels provide space for buildings and gardens.
- Gothic Elements: Pointed arches, decorative pinnacles, and elaborate stone carvings throughout.
- Color Scheme: The castle's distinctive red sandstone contrasts beautifully with the green forests below.
The Interior: Royal Apartments and Halls
- The Knights' Hall: A grand space that could accommodate up to 400 guests for banquets and ceremonies.
- Royal Apartments: Lavishly decorated rooms including the Emperor's Bedroom, the Queen's Room, and various reception halls.
- The Chapel: The oldest surviving part of the castle, dating back to the 15th century, with stunning Gothic stained glass windows.
- Armory and Trophy Room: Displays weapons and hunting trophies from various periods.
The Imperial Treasury: Crown Jewels and Royal Artifacts
The castle treasury houses historic artifacts of immense value, making it one of Germany's most important historical collections:
The Crown of Wilhelm II
The highlight is the Crown of Wilhelm II, the last German Emperor. This magnificent piece was created in 1889 for the coronation that never happened:
- Design: Features 140 diamonds, 18 sapphires, and a large emerald. The crown weighs 945 grams and stands 33 cm high. Historical Context: Wilhelm II's coronation was canceled due to his grandfather's death, so the crown was never officially used.
- Materials: Made of gold, silver, and precious stones, representing the wealth and power of the German Empire.
Other Treasures
- Frederick the Great's Uniform: The actual uniform worn by the legendary Prussian king during the Seven Years' War.
- Washington Letter: A personal letter from US President George Washington thanking Baron von Steuben (a Hohenzollern descendant) for his service in the American Revolutionary War.
- Prussian Royal Jewelry: A collection of rings, necklaces, and ceremonial objects from various Prussian monarchs.
- Historical Documents: Letters, decrees, and family trees documenting the Hohenzollern dynasty's history.
The Castle Gardens and Surroundings
The castle is surrounded by beautifully landscaped gardens that enhance its romantic appeal:
- Terrace Gardens: Formal gardens on the artificially created terraces with fountains and statues.
- Forest Walks: The surrounding Hohenzollern Forest offers hiking trails with scenic views.
- Panoramic Views: On clear days, visitors can see up to 100 km, including the Black Forest and the Alps.
- Seasonal Displays: Different areas of the gardens bloom throughout the year, providing constantly changing scenery.
Royal Connections and Historical Significance
Hohenzollern Castle represents the culmination of Prussian and German imperial history:
- Family Legacy: The castle commemorates the Hohenzollern dynasty's rise from Swabian counts to German emperors.
- Prussian Power: It symbolizes the unification of Germany under Prussian leadership in 1871.
- European Context: The castle reflects the 19th-century romantic nationalism that swept across Europe.
- Modern Relevance: Still privately owned by the Prussian royal family, it represents the only remaining monarchy in Germany.
Planning Your Visit: Practical Information
Opening Hours and Admission
- Opening Hours: Daily from 9:00 AM to 5:30 PM (April to October), 10:00 AM to 4:30 PM (November to March)
- Admission: €12 for adults, €9 for children and students. Combined ticket with shuttle bus available.
- Guided Tours: Available in multiple languages, including English and German.
Getting There and Accessibility
- By Car: Parking available at the foot of the mountain. The shuttle bus takes 8 minutes to the castle.
- By Public Transport: Train to Hechingen station (about 6 km away), then taxi or bus to the castle parking area.
- Walking: A steep 20-30 minute hike through the forest (not recommended for those with mobility issues).
- Shuttle Bus: Most visitors use the shuttle bus (€2.50 round trip) to avoid the steep climb.
What to See and Do
- Imperial Treasury: Don't miss the crown jewels and royal artifacts.
- Panoramic Views: Spend time on the terraces enjoying the stunning vistas.
- Chapel Visit: The historic chapel is a peaceful spot for reflection.
- Audio Guide: Available in 12 languages to enhance your visit.
Special Events and Tips
- Christmas Market: The castle hosts one of Germany's most beautiful Christmas markets (Royal Winter Magic), where the courtyard and gardens are illuminated with thousands of lights.
- Summer Events: Medieval festivals and concerts are held throughout the summer season.
- Photography: The castle offers endless photo opportunities, especially at sunset.
- Restaurant: The castle has a restaurant serving regional Swabian cuisine with panoramic views.
Frequently Asked Questions
- Is Hohenzollern Castle still owned by the royal family?
- Yes, unlike many German castles, Hohenzollern is still privately owned by the Prussian royal family, specifically by Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia.
- Can I wear the crown?
- No, the crown is a priceless artifact and cannot be touched or worn by visitors. However, there are replicas available for photos in some gift shops.
- How long does a visit take?
- Plan for 2-3 hours to see the castle thoroughly, including the treasury, gardens, and panoramic views.
- Is the castle wheelchair accessible?
- The castle grounds are accessible via shuttle bus, but the interior has stairs and narrow passages that may not be suitable for wheelchairs.
- What makes Hohenzollern different from Neuschwanstein?
- While both are 19th-century romantic castles, Hohenzollern is a family memorial with real royal artifacts, whereas Neuschwanstein is more of a fairy-tale fantasy castle built for one man's dream.